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<title>Preventive war</title>

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Preventive war

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="War" title="War">War</a> (<a href="Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a>

<ul><li><a href="Early_thermal_weapons" title="Early thermal weapons">Thermal</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_gunpowder" title="History of gunpowder">Gunpowder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_gunpowder_age" title="Timeline of the gunpowder age">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Castles</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a>

<ul><li><a href="Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">Military revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a>

<ul><li><a href="Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">Fourth-gen warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_arms_race" title="Artificial intelligence arms race">AI warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li>

<li><a href="Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li>Branches:</li>

<li><a href="Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li>

<li><a href="Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li>

<li><a href="Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li>

<li><a href="Border_guard" title="Border guard">Border guard</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber_force" title="Cyber force">Cyber force</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li>Specialties:</li>

<li><a href="Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li>

<li><a href="Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li>

<li><a href="Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li>Land units:</li>

<li><a href="Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li>

<li><a href="Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li>

<li><a href="Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li>Naval units:</li>

<li><a href="Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li>

<li><a href="Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li>

<li><a href="Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li>

<li><a href="Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li>Air units:</li>

<li><a href="Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li>

<li><a href="Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li>

<li><a href="Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li>

<li><a href="Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li>Combat systems:</li>

<li><a href="Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li>

<li><a href="Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li>

<li><a href="Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li>

<li><a href="Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li>Historical:</li>

<li><a href="Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li>

<li><a href="Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li>Development:</li>

<li><a href="Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li>

<li><a href="Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li>

<li><a href="Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li>

<li><a href="Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li>

<li><a href="Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li>

<li><a href="Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li>

<li><a href="Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li>

<li><a href="Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a>

<ul><li><a href="Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li>

<li><a href="Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li>

<li><a href="Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li>

<li><a href="Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li>

<li><a href="Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li>

<li><a href="Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li>

<li><a href="Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li>

<li><a href="Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li>

<li><a href="Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearms</a></li>

<li><a href="Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li>

<li><a href="Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li>

<li><a href="Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li>

<li><a href="Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li>

<li><a href="Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li>

<li><a href="Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a>

<ul><li><a href="Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li>

<li><a href="Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li>

<li><a href="Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li>

<li><a href="Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li>

<li><a href="Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li>

<li><a href="Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li>

<li><a href="Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li>

<li><a href="Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li>

<li><a href="Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li>

<li><a href="Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li>

<li><a href="Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li>

<li><a href="Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li>

<li><a href="Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li>

<li><a href="Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li>

<li><a href="Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li>

<li><a href="Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li>

<li><a href="Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li>

<li><a href="Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li>

<li><a href="Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li>

<li><a href="Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li>

<li><a href="Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li>

<li><a href="Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li>

<li><a href="Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li>

<li><a href="Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li>

<li><a href="Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li>

<li><a href="Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li>

<li><a href="Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li>

<li><a href="Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li>

<li><a href="Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li>

<li><a href="Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li>

<li><a href="Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li>

<li><a href="Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li>

<li><a href="Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li>

<li><a href="Divide_and_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li>

<li><a href="Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li>

<li><a href="Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li>

<li><a href="Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li>

<li><a href="Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li>

<li><a href="Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li>

<li><a href="New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li>

<li><a href="Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li>

<li><a href="Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li>

<li><a href="Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li>

<li><a href="Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li>

<li><a href="War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li>

<li><a href="World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li>

<li><a href="Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">Order of battle</a></li>

<li><a href="Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li>

<li><a href="Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li>

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<li><a href="Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a></li>

<li><a href="Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li>

<li><a href="Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a></li>

<li><a href="Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li>

<li><a href="Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li>

<li><a href="Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li>

<li><a href="Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Conscription and sexism</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li>

<li><a href="War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li>

<li><a href="Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a></li>

<li><a href="Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li>

<li><a href="Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li>

<li><a href="Lanchester's_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a>

<ul><li><a href="Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Belligerent" title="Belligerent">Belligerent</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li>

<li><a href="Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li>

<li><a href="Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li>

<li><a href="Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li>

<li><a href="Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li>

<li><a href="Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li>

<li><a href="Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-defence_in_international_law" title="Self-defence in international law">Right of self-defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li>

<li><a href="Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li>

<li><a href="War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li>

<li><a href="War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="War_treason" title="War treason">War treason</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li>

<li><a href="Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li>

<li><a href="Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li>

<li><a href="Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li>

<li><a href="Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a>

<ul><li><a href="Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Combat_effectiveness" title="Combat effectiveness">Combat effectiveness</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_of_gravity_(military)" title="Center of gravity (military)">Center of gravity</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li>

<li><a href="Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence</a></li>

<li><a href="Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li>

<li><a href="Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a>

<ul><li><a href="Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li>

<li><a href="Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li>

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<li><a href="Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li>

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<li><a href="Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li>

<li><a href="Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li>

<li><a href="Militarization" title="Militarization">Militarization</a> / <a href="Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Camp_follower" title="Camp follower">Camp follower</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Seven_Military_Classics" title="Seven Military Classics">Seven Military Classics</a>

<li><a href="De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategemata" title="Strategemata">Strategemata</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li>

<li><a href="War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li>

<li><a href="War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li>

<li><a href="Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military company</a></li>

<li><a href="Soldiers_are_murderers" title="Soldiers are murderers">Soldiers are murderers</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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A preventive war is an armed conflict "initiated in the belief that military conflict, while not imminent, is inevitable, and that to delay would involve greater risk."<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The party which is being attacked has a latent threat capability or it has shown that it intends to attack in the future, based on its past actions and posturing. A preventive war aims to forestall a shift in the balance of power<a href="#cite_note-S.M._Walt-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> by strategically attacking before the balance of power has had a chance to shift in the favor of the targeted party. Preventive war is distinct from <a href="Preemptive_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Preemptive strike">preemptive strike</a>, which is the first strike when an attack is imminent.<a href="#cite_note-S.M._Walt-2">[2]</a> Preventive uses of force "seek to stop another state . . . from developing a military capability before it becomes threatening or to hobble or destroy it thereafter, whereas [p]reemptive uses of force come against a backdrop of tactical intelligence or warning indicating imminent military action by an adversary."<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>

The majority view is that a preventive war undertaken without the approval of the <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> is illegal under the modern framework of <a href="International_law" title="International law">international law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The consensus is that preventive war "goes beyond what is acceptable in international law"<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and lacks legal basis.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The UN <a href="High-level_Panel_on_Threats%2C_Challenges_and_Change" title="High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change">High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change</a> stopped short of rejecting the concept outright but suggested that there is no right to preventive war. If there are good grounds for initiating preventive war, the matter should be put to the <a href="UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a>, which can authorize such action,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> given that one of the Council's main functions under Chapter VII of the <a href="Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">UN Charter</a> ("Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression") is to enforce the obligation of member states under Article 4, Paragraph 2 to "refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state . . .<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The Charter's drafters assumed that the Council might need to employ preventive force to forestall aggression such as initiated by Nazi Germany in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

The <a href="Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> in <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> routinely invaded neutral countries on grounds of prevention and began the <a href="Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in 1939 by claiming the Poles had attacked a border outpost first. In 1940, <a href="Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Germany invaded Denmark and Norway</a> and argued that Britain might have used them as launching points for an attack or prevented supply of <a href="Strategic_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic materials">strategic materials</a> to Germany. In the summer of 1941, <a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Germany invaded the Soviet Union</a>, inaugurating the bloody and brutal land war by claiming that a <a href="Judeo-Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Bolshevik">Judeo-Bolshevik</a> conspiracy threatened the Reich. In late 1941, the <a href="Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a> was carried out to secure a supply corridor of petrol to the Soviet Union. Iranian Shah <a href="Rez%C4%81_Sh%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Rezā Shāh">Rezā Shāh</a> appealed to US President <a href="Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> for help but was rebuffed on the grounds that "movements of conquest by Germany will continue and will extend beyond Europe to Asia, Africa, and even to the Americas, unless they are stopped by military force."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pearl_Harbor">Pearl Harbor</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and <a href="Events_leading_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor">Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor</a></div>

Perhaps the most famous example of preventive war is the <a href="Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> by the <a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> on December 7, 1941.<a href="#cite_note-bakerinstitute.org-14">[14]</a> Many in the US and Japan believed war to be inevitable. Coupled to the crippling US economic embargo that was rapidly degrading the Japanese military capability, that led the Japanese leadership to believe it was better to have the war as soon as possible.<a href="#cite_note-bakerinstitute.org-14">[14]</a>

The sneak attack was partly motivated by a desire to destroy the <a href="US_Pacific_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="US Pacific Fleet">US Pacific Fleet</a> to allow Japan to advance with reduced opposition from the US when it secured Japanese oil supplies by fighting against the <a href="British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the <a href="Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a> for control over the rich East Indian (<a href="Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, <a href="Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>) oil-fields.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In 1940, American policies and tension toward <a href="Military_history_of_Japan#Showa_Period_-_World_War_II" title="Military history of Japan">Japanese military actions</a> and <a href="Japanese_expansionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese expansionism">Japanese expansionism</a> in the Far East increased. For example, in May 1940, the base of the US Pacific Fleet that was stationed on the <a href="West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> was forwarded to an "advanced" position at Pearl Harbor in <a href="Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.

The move was opposed by some <a href="US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> officials, including their commander, Admiral <a href="James_Otto_Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="James Otto Richardson">James Otto Richardson</a>, who was relieved by Roosevelt. Even so, the <a href="Far_East_Fleet" title="Far East Fleet">Far East Fleet</a> was not significantly reinforced. Another ineffective plan to reinforce the Pacific was a rather late relocation of fighter planes to bases located on the <a href="Pacific_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific islands">Pacific islands</a> like <a href="Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>, <a href="Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, and the <a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. For a long time, Japanese leaders, especially leaders of the <a href="Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>, had known that the large US military strength and production capacity posed a long-term threat to <a href="Japanese_expansionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese expansionism">Japan's imperialist desires</a>, especially if hostilities broke out in the Pacific. War games on both sides had long reflected those expectations.

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">Criticism of the Iraq War</a> and <a href="Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War" title="Rationale for the Iraq War">Rationale for the Iraq War</a></div>

The <a href="2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> was framed primarily as a <a href="Preemptive_war" title="Preemptive war">preemptive war</a> by the <a href="George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush administration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> although President Bush also argued it was supported by Security Council Resolutions: "Under Resolutions 678 and 687—both still in effect—the United States and our allies are authorized to use force in ridding Iraq of weapons of mass destruction."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> At the time, the US public and its allies were led to believe that <a href="Ba'athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> might have restarted its nuclear weapons program or been "cheating" on its obligations to dispose of its large stockpile of <a href="Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a> dating from the <a href="Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>. Supporters of the war have argued it to be justified, as Iraq both harbored <a href="Islamic_terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic terrorist">Islamic terrorist</a> groups sharing a common hatred of the United States and was suspected to be developing <a href="Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> (WMD). Iraq's history of noncompliance of international security matters and its history of both developing and using such weapons were factors in the public perception of <a href="Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Iraq's having weapons of mass destruction</a>.

In support of an attack on Iraq, US President <a href="George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> stated in an address to the <a href="UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> on September 12, 2002 that the Iraqi "regime is a grave and gathering danger."<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> However, despite extensive searches during the several years of occupation, the suspected weapons of mass destruction or weapons program infrastructure alleged by the Bush administration were not found to be functional or even known to most Iraqi leaders.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Coalition forces instead found dispersed and sometimes-buried and partially dismantled stockpiles of abandoned and functionally expired chemical weapons. Some of the caches had been dangerously stored and were leaking, and many were then disposed of hastily and in secret, leading to secondary exposure from improper handling. Allegations of mismanagement and information suppression followed.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran-Israel_War">Iran-Israel War</h3></div>

The <a href="Iran-Israel_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Israel War">Iran-Israel War</a> was a preventive war launched by Israel to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons. While Israeli officials called the War a “preemptive strike,” the legal and strategic reality fit preventive rather than preemptive definitions. Preemptive strikes respond to imminent threats when the signs of attack are present, while preventive strikes respond to a generalized threats of war in more distant future and are based on calculations that fighting now is better than fighting later.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Israel is removing the source of a threat by surprise and on their own timetable.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Case_for_preventive_nuclear_war">Case for preventive nuclear war</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="First_strike_(nuclear_strategy)" title="First strike (nuclear strategy)">First strike (nuclear strategy)</a></div>

Since 1945, World War III between the US and the USSR was perceived by many as inevitable and imminent. Many high officials in the US military sector and some renowned luminaries in non-military fields advocated preventive war. According to their rationale, total war is inevitable, and it was senseless to permit the Russians to develop a nuclear parity with the United States. Hence the sooner the preventive war come the better, because the <a href="First_strike_(nuclear_strategy)" title="First strike (nuclear strategy)">first strike</a> is almost surely decisive and less devastating.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

<a href="Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

and <a href="James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> adhered to the version that the war is not inevitable but is already going on, although the American people still do not realize it.

The US military sector widely and wholeheartedly shared the idea of preventive war.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Most prominent proponents included Defense Secretary <a href="Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Louis A. Johnson</a>, <a href="Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">JCS</a> Chairman Admiral <a href="Arthur_W._Radford" title="Arthur W. Radford">Arthur W. Radford</a>, Navy Secretary <a href="Francis_P._Matthews" title="Francis P. Matthews">Francis P. Matthews</a>, Admiral <a href="Ralph_A._Ofstie" title="Ralph A. Ofstie">Ralph A. Ofstie</a>, Air Force Secretary W. Stuart Symington, Air Force Chiefs <a href="Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a> and <a href="Nathan_F._Twining" title="Nathan F. Twining">Nathan F. Twining</a>, Air Force Generals <a href="George_Kenney" title="George Kenney">George Kenney</a> and <a href="Orvil_A._Anderson" title="Orvil A. Anderson">Orvil A. Anderson</a>, General <a href="Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a> (the wartime commander of the <a href="Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>) and CIA Director <a href="Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">NSC</a>-100 and several studies by <a href="Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">SAC</a> and JCS during the Korean War advocated preventive war too.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>

In Congress, preventive warriors counted Deputy Secretary of Defense <a href="Paul_Nitze" title="Paul Nitze">Paul Nitze</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> expert on the Soviet Union <a href="Charles_E._Bohlen" title="Charles E. Bohlen">Charles E. Bohlen</a> of the State Department, Senators <a href="John_L._McClellan" title="John L. McClellan">John L. McClellan</a>, <a href="Paul_H._Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul H. Douglas">Paul H. Douglas</a>, <a href="Eugene_D._Millikin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene D. Millikin">Eugene D. Millikin</a>, <a href="Brien_McMahon" title="Brien McMahon">Brien McMahon</a> (Chairman of the Atomic Energy Committee), <a href="William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">William Knowland</a> and Congressman <a href="Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a>. The diplomatic circle included distinguished diplomats like <a href="George_Kennan" class="mw-redirect" title="George Kennan">George Kennan</a>, <a href="William_C._Bullitt" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Bullitt">William C. Bullitt</a> (US Ambassador to Moscow), and <a href="John_Paton_Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paton Davies">John Paton Davies</a> (from the same embassy).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>

<a href="John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> of the Manhattan Project and later a consultant for the <a href="RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> expressed: "With the Russians it is not a question of whether but of when… If you say why not bomb them tomorrow, I say why not today?"<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Other renowned scientists and thinkers, such as <a href="Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a>, <a href="William_L._Laurence" title="William L. Laurence">William L. Laurence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> James Burnham,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and <a href="Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>

joined the preventive effort. The preventive war in the late 1940s was argued by “some very dedicated Americans.”<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> “Realists” repeatedly proposed the preventive war.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> "The argument—prevent before it is too late—was quite common in the early atomic age and by no way limited to “the lunatic fringe.”<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> A famous atomic scientist expressed a concern: In 1946, public discussion of international problems, in the United States at least, "has moved dangerously towards a consideration of so-called preventive war. One sees this tendency perhaps most markedly in the trend of news in Americans newspapers."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>

Bernard Brodie noted that at least prior to 1950, preventive war was a “live issue … among a very small but earnest minority of American citizens.”<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The dating of Brodie is too short, as the preventive war doctrine has had increasing support since the Korean War started.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The late summer 1950 saw “a flurry of articles” in the public press dealing with preventive war. One of them in <a href="Time_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine">Time magazine</a> (September 18, 1950) called for a buildup, followed by a “showdown” with the Russians by 1953.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> “1950 may have marked the high tide of ‘preventive war’ agitation…”<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> According to <a href="Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> of July 1950, right after the outbreak of the War, 14% of the polled opined for the immediate declaration of war on the USSR, the percentage which only slightly declined by the end of the War.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> “So preventive war thinking was surprisingly widespread in the early nuclear age, the period from mid-1945 through late 1954.”<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>

The preventive warriors remained minority in America’s postwar political arena, and Washington’s elder statesmen soundly rejected their arguments.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> However, during several of the East-West confrontations that marked the first decade of the Cold War, well-placed officials in both the Truman and Eisenhower administrations urged their Presidents to launch preventive strikes on the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Entry in Truman’s secret personal journal on January 27, 1952 tells:

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It seems to me that the proper approach now would be an ultimatum with a ten-days expiration limit informing Moscow that we intend to blockade the China coast … and that we intend to destroy every military base in Manchuria … by means now at our control and if there is any further interference we shall eliminate any ports or cities necessary to accomplish our peaceful purposes. This means all-out war. It means Moscow, St. Petersburg, Mukden, Vladivostok, Beijing… and every manufacturing plant in China and the Soviet Union will be eliminated. This is the final chance for the Soviet Government to decide whether it desires to survive or not.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></blockquote>

In 1953, Eisenhower wrote in a summary memorandum to his Secretary of State, <a href="John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a>: In present circumstances, "we would be forced to consider whether or not out duty to future generations did not require us to initiate war at the most propitious moment we could designate.”<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In May 1954, the JCS’s Advance Study Group proposed to Eisenhower to consider “deliberately precipitating war with the USSR in the near future,” before Soviet thermonuclear capability became a real menace.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The same year, Eisenhower asked in a meeting of National Security Council: “Should the United States now get ready to fight the Soviet Union?” and pointed out that “he had brought up this question more than once at prior Council meetings and he had never done so facetiously.”<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> By the fall 1954, Eisenhower made his mind up and approved a Basic National Security Policy paper which stated unequivocally that “the United States and its allies must reject the concept of preventive war, or acts intended to provoke war.”<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>

Winston Churchill was more resolved on the preventive war. He argued repeatedly in the late 1940s that matters needed to be brought to a head with the Soviets before it was too late, while the United States still enjoyed a nuclear monopoly.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Charles de Gaulle in 1954 regretted that now it was too late.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Curtis LeMay<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and <a href="Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> later expressed the same regret over missed opportunity.

<ul><li><a href="A_Clean_Break%3A_A_New_Strategy_for_Securing_the_Realm" title="A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm">A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm</a></li>

<li><a href="Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Caroline_affair" title="Caroline affair">Caroline affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-emptive_nuclear_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive nuclear strike">Pre-emptive nuclear strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Jus_ad_bellum" title="Jus ad bellum">Jus ad bellum</a></li>

<li><a href="Kellogg%E2%80%93Briand_Pact" title="Kellogg–Briand Pact">Kellogg–Briand Pact</a></li>

<li><a href="Legality_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Legality of the Iraq War">Legality of the Iraq War</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_science" title="Military science">Military science</a></li>

<li><a href="UN_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Charter">UN Charter</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms p.413 (2001, as amended 2002).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-S.M._Walt-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S.M._Walt_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S.M._Walt_2-1">b</a> Taming American Power, Stephen M. Walt, pp 224

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLevy2011" class="citation journal cs1">Levy, Jack S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2011.546716">"Preventive War: Concept and Propositions"</a>. International Interactions. 37 (1): 87–96. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03050629.2011.546716">10.1080/03050629.2011.546716</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-0629">0305-0629</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154345645">154345645</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> William Safire, "Rope-a-Dope: A Lexicon of Intervention," N.Y. Times, Oct. 13, 2002, p.30, 31.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBeinart2017" class="citation web cs1">Beinart, Peter (2017-04-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/north-korea-preventive-war/523833/">"How America Shed the Taboo Against Preventive War"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved 2019-03-13.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWarrenBode2014" class="citation cs2">Warren, Aiden; Bode, Ingvild (2014), Warren, Aiden; Bode, Ingvild (eds.), "Self-Defense in International Law: Preemptive/Preventive Requisites", Governing the Use-of-Force in International Relations: The Post 9/11 US Challenge on International Law, New Security Challenges Series, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 23–45, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137411440_3">10.1057/9781137411440_3</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781137411440</bdi></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSuzanne_Uniacke2007" class="citation cs2">Suzanne Uniacke (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UQajT7Bqf-MC&q=un+charter&pg=PT97">"The False Promise of Preventive War"</a>, in Henry Shue; David Rodin (eds.), Preemption: military action and moral justification, Oxford UP, p. 88, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780199233137</bdi></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShaw2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Malcolm_Shaw_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm Shaw (academic)">Shaw, Malcolm</a> (2008). International Law (6th edn). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 1140. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-72814-0</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311025054/http://www.uni-miskolc.hu/~wwwdrint/20042rouillard1.htm">The Caroline Case : Anticipatory Self-Defence in Contemporary International Law (Miskolc Journal of International Law v.1 (2004) No. 2 pp. 104-120)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=397601">The American Strategy of Preemptive War and International Law</a></li></ul>

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